Author: Julie Scott, DNP

Julie is an oncology certified Oncology Nurse Practitioner with over a decade of medical oncology experience. In addition to her clinical work, she is an accomplished healthcare writer providing oncology content for various publications. She also serves as an adjunct faculty member for a Master's nursing program and a chair for Doctoral nursing students.

Integrative Medicine

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is integrative medicine?

Integrative medicine is a holistic approach to healthcare that combines conventional medicine with complementary therapies and practices. It aims to treat the whole person, not just the disease, by addressing the physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects of health. Integrative medicine can be a useful addition to the standard treatment of cancer, as it can help patients manage symptoms, reduce side effects, and improve their overall quality of life. It is very important that anyone pursuing integrative medicine interventions should discuss with their oncologists, to be sure they are safe to be used in their particular disease as well as other prescribed treatments.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine practice that involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body. Some studies have shown acupuncture to be effective in reducing pain, nausea, and other symptoms associated with cancer and its treatments.

Massage

Massage therapy can help relieve pain and stress, reduce anxiety, and improve overall well-being. It may also be used to help patients manage symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, and neuropathy.

Mind-body practices

Mind-body practices such as meditation, yoga, and tai chi can help patients manage stress, anxiety, and depression. These practices have been shown to improve the overall quality of life, reduce symptoms, and increase feelings of well-being.

Dietary Supplements

Dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and herbal remedies can be used to support the immune system and reduce side effects associated with cancer treatments. It is important to talk to your doctor before taking any supplements to ensure that they are safe and do not interfere with your treatment.

Aromatherapy

Aromatherapy involves the use of essential oils to promote relaxation and relieve stress. It can be used to help patients manage symptoms such as nausea, anxiety, and pain.

It is important to note that while integrative medicine can be beneficial for patients with cancer, it should be used in conjunction with, not as a substitute for, conventional medical treatment. Patients should discuss any integrative therapies they are considering with their healthcare team to ensure that they are safe and appropriate for their individual needs.

 

Laugier-Hunziker Syndrome (LHS)

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is Laugier-Hunziker Syndrome (LHS)

Laugier-Hunziker Syndrome (LHS) is a rare disorder that affects the pigment of the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth. LHS is also known as idiopathic lenticular mucocutaneous pigmentation.

LHS is a benign (non-cancerous) condition and does not cause any serious health problems. The main symptom of LHS is the appearance of dark pigmentation on the lips, inside of the mouth, and sometimes on the fingers and toes. The pigmentation is typically brown or black and appears as small, flat spots or patches.

Causes:

The exact cause of LHS is unknown, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some cases of LHS have been associated with mutations in the TERT gene, which is involved in the process of cell division and aging. Other cases have been linked to exposure to certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and hormonal therapies.

Diagnosis:

LHS is usually diagnosed based on the pigmentation pattern which is characteristic of the disorder, as well as a thorough medical history. In some cases, a skin biopsy may be performed to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.

Treatment:

Treatment for LHS is usually not necessary as the condition does not cause any health problems. However, if the pigmentation is causing cosmetic concerns, treatment options such as laser therapy, cryotherapy, and topical creams may be considered.

It is important to note that LHS does not increase the risk of developing skin cancer or other health problems. However, it is still important to practice good sun protection habits, such as wearing protective clothing and sunscreen, to prevent damage to the skin

 

Cystic lung disease

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is Cystic lung disease?

Cystic lung disease is a condition that causes cysts or fluid-filled sacs to form in the lungs. These cysts can interfere with normal lung function and lead to a variety of symptoms. Here’s an overview of the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of cystic lung disease.

Symptoms

The symptoms of cystic lung disease can vary depending on the type and severity of the type of disease someone has. Some of the common symptoms include:

  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest pain
  • Coughing
  • Wheezing
  • Recurrent lung infections
  • Fatigue
  • Rapid breathing
  • Unintentional weight loss

Diagnosis

To diagnose cystic lung disease, a doctor will perform a physical exam, review the patient’s medical history, and order various tests. These may include:

  • Chest X-ray: This can provide a quick look at the lungs and identify any cysts or abnormalities that may be present
  • CT scan: A CT scan can provide more detailed images of the lungs, making it easier to identify cysts and assess their size and location.
  • Pulmonary function tests: These tests can assess lung function and determine if cysts are interfering with breathing.
  • Bronchoscopy: In some cases, a bronchoscopy may be performed to view the inside of the lungs and collect tissue samples for analysis.

Treatment

The treatment for cystic lung disease depends on the type and severity of the disease, as well as the patient’s overall health. Some common treatments include:

  • Watchful waiting: If the cysts are small and not causing symptoms, the doctor may opt to monitor them over time and provide treatment only if the cysts grow or start to cause problems.
  • Medications: In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms such as inflammation, pain, and infections.
  • Surgery: If the cysts are large or causing severe symptoms, surgery may be necessary to remove them. This can involve a variety of techniques, including video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) or open surgery.
  • Lung transplant: In some cases, a lung transplant may be necessary if the cysts are severely impacting lung function.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for cystic lung disease depends on many factors, including the type and severity of the disease, as well as the patient’s overall health. In general, early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes for patients with cystic lung disease.

 

Wilms tumor

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is Wilms tumor?

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a rare type of kidney cancer that mainly affects children. In this article, we will discuss the symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of Wilms tumor.

Symptoms

The most common symptom of Wilms tumor is a painless swelling or mass in the abdomen. Other symptoms include:

  • Abdominal pain
  • Blood in the urine
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Fever
  • High blood pressure

In some cases, the tumor may also cause a sensation of fullness or discomfort in the abdomen. However, not all children with Wilms tumor have symptoms, and the tumor may be detected during a routine physical exam.

Risk factors

The exact cause of Wilms tumor is unknown, but there are several factors that may increase a child’s risk of developing the condition. These include:

  • Age: Wilms tumor is most commonly diagnosed in children under the age of five.
  • Genetic factors: Some genetic syndromes, such as WAGR syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of developing Wilms tumor.
  • Family history: Children who have a family history of Wilms tumor may be at a higher risk of developing the condition.
  • Prenatal factors: Children who were born with certain birth defects or who were exposed to certain drugs or chemicals during pregnancy may have an increased risk of developing Wilms tumor.

Diagnosis

Wilms tumor is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests, and biopsy. The doctor may perform a physical exam to feel for any lumps or swelling in the abdomen. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, may be used to visualize the tumor and determine its size and location. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type and stage of the tumor.

Treatment

The treatment of Wilms tumor depends on the stage and type of the tumor, as well as the child’s overall health. The main treatments for Wilms tumor include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgery is usually the first step in treatment and involves removing the tumor and sometimes the entire affected kidney. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink the tumor and kill any remaining cancer cells.

In some cases, a child may also receive targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that specifically target cancer cells. Targeted therapy may be used in combination with other treatments to improve their effectiveness

What to avoid during chemotherapy

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

Chemotherapy is a common treatment for cancer that uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells. While chemotherapy can be effective in treating cancer, it can also have side effects. There are several things that patients should avoid when getting chemotherapy to help minimize these side effects and ensure the best possible outcome.

Avoid Exposure to Infections

Chemotherapy can lower a person’s immune system, making them more vulnerable to infections. To avoid exposure to infections, patients should avoid crowded areas, wash their hands frequently, and avoid contact with people who are sick. It is also important to avoid eating undercooked or raw foods and to take extra precautions when handling and preparing food.

Avoid Certain Foods and Beverages

Some foods and beverages can interfere with chemotherapy and make side effects worse. Patients should often avoid alcohol, as it may interact with chemotherapy drugs or increase the risk of liver damage.

Avoid Overexertion

Chemotherapy can cause fatigue and weakness, making it important for patients to avoid overexertion. Patients should rest when they feel tired and avoid activities that require a lot of energy. It is also important to stay hydrated and eat a healthy diet to help maintain energy levels.

Avoid Smoking

Smoking can interfere with chemotherapy and increase the risk of complications. Patients should avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke, as it can weaken the immune system and reduce the effectiveness of chemotherapy.

Avoid Certain Medications

Some medications can interfere with chemotherapy and make side effects worse. Patients should talk to their doctor before taking any new medications, including over-the-counter medications and herbal supplements. Patients may also need to avoid taking aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as they can increase the risk of bleeding and interfere with chemotherapy.

Each person should speak with their oncology team for any specific suggestions or recommendations on things to avoid while receiving chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy and risk of infection

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is Chemotherapy?

Chemotherapy is a form of cancer treatment that uses powerful drugs to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells. While chemotherapy can be highly effective in treating cancer, it also comes with a number of side effects, including an increased risk of infection.

Chemotherapy can also damage healthy cells that divide rapidly, such as those in the bone marrow. This damage can lead to a decrease in the number of white blood cells, which are responsible for fighting off infections. When a patient’s white blood cell count drops too low, they are at an increased risk of developing infections.

There are a number of different types of infections that chemotherapy patients are at risk for. One of the most common is a bacterial infection. Bacteria are everywhere, and our bodies have natural defenses against them. However, when a patient’s white blood cell count drops, their body is less able to fight off bacterial infections. This can lead to infections such as pneumonia, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.

People getting chemotherapy are also at an increased risk of viral infections. Viruses are responsible for many common illnesses, such as the flu and the common cold. While most healthy people are able to fight off these infections with little difficulty, patients undergoing chemotherapy may have a more difficult time. This is because their immune systems are weakened, making it easier for viruses to take hold.

Fungal infections are another risk for chemotherapy patients. Fungi are common in our environment and are normally kept in check by our immune systems. However, when a patient’s immune system is weakened, fungal infections can become a problem. Fungal infections can be difficult to treat and can cause serious complications.

What can be done to decrease the risk of infection? There are a number of things that patients can do to help protect themselves, including:

  1. Practice good hygiene: Regular hand washing and avoiding contact with sick people can help prevent the spread of infection.
  2. Avoid large crowds: Being around large groups of people, such as at concerts or sporting events, can increase the risk of exposure to infectious diseases.
  3. Stay up-to-date on vaccinations: Getting vaccinated can help protect against certain infectious diseases.
  4. Take antibiotics or antivirals as prescribed: In some cases, chemotherapy patients may be given antibiotics or antiviral medications to help prevent infections.
  5. Contact their healthcare provider if they have symptoms of an infection: Early detection and treatment of infections can help prevent them from becoming more serious.

 

What You Should Know About Breast Implants and BIA-ALCL.

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL)?

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that can develop around breast implants. The lymphoma cells typically form a fluid-filled capsule with scar tissue around the implant. It is a rare condition, with less than 1000 cases diagnosed.

The exact cause of BIA-ALCL is unknown, but it is believed to be related to the type of implant surface. Textured implants, which have a rougher surface, have been associated with a higher risk of developing BIA-ALCL than smooth implants. The implant filling does not seem to impact the development of BIA-ALCL.

Symptoms

Symptoms of BIA-ALCL include:

  • Swelling or pain around the implant
  • Breast asymmetry or evenness
  • Lumps or masses in the breast or armpit
  • Redness or rash around the breast

For some, no symptoms may be present.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of BIA-ALCL is typically made through a biopsy of the affected tissue. The biopsy will be analyzed for the presence of the specific type of lymphoma cells that are seen in this disease.

Treatment

Treatment for BIA-ALCL typically involves the removal of the implant and the surrounding capsule. In some cases, additional chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be recommended.

It is important to note that BIA-ALCL is not a type of breast cancer and does not increase the risk of breast cancer.

 

Cholangiocarcinoma – An Overview of Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is Cholangiocarcinoma?

Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, affects the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare form of cancer but can be very aggressive.

Risk Factors

Although there isn’t one specific cause of cholangiocarcinoma, some known associated risk factors exist.

  • Increasing age
  • Male sex
  • Having a history of cirrhosis, or scarring, of the liver
  • Having a history of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), which is a chronic inflammation of the bile duct
  • Family history of cholangiocarcinoma

Symptoms

The exact symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma may vary from each person. Some common side effects can include:

  • Jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes
  • Itching of the skin
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Abdominal pain
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Clay-colored stools
  • Dark urine

Diagnosis

If someone presents to their healthcare provider with the above symptoms, an evaluation of the cause of these symptoms can include imaging studies. Studies such

MRI, CT scan, or ultrasound can picture the liver and bile ducts to look for abnormalities.

A specialized scan called an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be done. This procedure uses an endoscope (a long, flexible tube with a camera on end) and X-ray imaging to visualize the bile ducts and take samples for testing.

Ultimately a biopsy, in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the suspected tumor, is done to confirm the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma.

Treatment

The treatment plan will vary depending on the stage and location of cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options for cholangiocarcinoma include:

  • Surgery: Surgery to remove the tumor is the primary treatment for cholangiocarcinoma. The type of surgery will depend on the location and stage of cancer.
  • Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. It may be given alone or in combination with surgery.
  • Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be given alone or in combination with radiation therapy.
  • Palliative care, which focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life, is often necessary for advanced cases of cholangiocarcinoma.

 

Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare but aggressive cancer that forms in the bile ducts. If you think you may be at risk for developing this disease, speak with your doctor about steps you can take to lower your risk. There are also treatment options available if you are diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma. With prompt diagnosis and treatment, patients can often achieve remission or slow the progression of their disease.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN): Types, Symptoms, Treatments & More

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) Is a group of inherited disorders that affect the endocrine glands, which are the glands that produce hormones. There are several types of MEN, but the most common are MEN type 1 and MEN type 2.

MEN type 1 is caused by a mutation in the MEN1 gene. This disease affects the parathyroid, pancreas, and pituitary glands.

Symptoms

Symptoms of MEN type 1 include hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid glands), pancreatic tumors, and pituitary tumors. These tumors can cause symptoms such as:

  • Kidney stones
  • Bone thinning
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • High blood pressure
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Bone pain
  • Abdominal pain
  • Unintentional weight loss

MEN type 2 is caused by a mutation in the RET gene. This disorder affects the parathyroid, thyroid, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of MEN type 2 include hyperparathyroidism, medullary thyroid cancer, and pheochromocytoma (tumors of the adrenal gland). These tumors can cause symptoms such as:

  • Lumps in the neck
  • Trouble breathing
  • Hoarse voice
  • Constipation
  • Fatigue
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Headaches
  • Sweating
  • High blood pressure

Other types of MEN include MEN type 3, which affects the pituitary, parathyroid, and enteropancreatic endocrine cells, and MEN type 4, which affects the thyroid and parathyroid glands.

Diagnosis

MEN is typically made through a combination of genetic testing, imaging tests, and hormone level tests.

Blood tests may be needed to check for the level of calcium and hormones in the blood. Urine tests may be needed to also look for hormone levels.

Imaging tests such as CT or MRI can look for the presence of any tumors or other abnormalities.

Treatment for MEN depends on the type and severity of the disorder, as well as the symptoms that are present. Treatment options include surgery to remove tumors, radiation therapy, and hormone replacement therapy.

MEN1 is a genetic disorder passed down in families. While there is no cure, treatments are available to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with MEN1, talk to your doctor about the best treatment options. People with this condition can lead long and healthy lives with proper care and management.

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