Month: March 2023

Chemo Brain

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is a Chemo Brain?

Chemotherapy is a common treatment for cancer that involves the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells. While chemotherapy can be an effective way to fight cancer, it can also have side effects that impact a person’s quality of life. One such side effect is known as chemo brain.

Chemo brain is a term used to describe the cognitive changes that some people experience during and after chemotherapy treatment. The symptoms of chemo brain can include difficulty concentrating, memory problems, and trouble with organization and planning. These symptoms can be distressing to the person experiencing them.

The exact causes of chemo brain are not fully understood. Some researchers believe that the chemotherapy drugs can damage healthy brain cells, while others think that the side effects of chemotherapy, such as fatigue and stress, may contribute to cognitive changes. The specific chemotherapy drugs used, the dose and duration of treatment, and the individual’s overall health and age can all influence the likelihood and severity of chemo brain.

Chemo brain can have a significant impact on a person’s life. People who experience cognitive changes may have difficulty completing daily tasks, working, and maintaining relationships. It can also cause emotional distress, as people may feel frustrated or embarrassed by their symptoms.

If you are experiencing chemo brain, there are several things that you can do to manage your symptoms. Here are a few tips:

– Stay organized: Keep a planner or to-do list to help you remember important tasks. Write down things you want to be sure to remember.

– Prioritize rest: Give yourself time to rest and recover. If you are feeling tired or overwhelmed, take a break.

– Exercise: Exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function and may help reduce the symptoms of chemo brain.

– Stay mentally active: Engage in activities that stimulate your brain, such as puzzles, reading, or learning a new skill.

– Ask for help: Don’t be afraid to ask for help from friends and family when you need it.

If your symptoms are severe or impacting your daily life, talk to your healthcare provider. They may be able to recommend additional treatments or therapies to help manage your symptoms.

 

Chemotherapy Administration

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

How is Chemotherapy administered?

Chemotherapy is a commonly used treatment for cancer that uses medication to kill cancer cells. There are several different ways that Chemotherapy can be administered, and the best method for a patient will depend on the type of cancer they have and where it’s located.

Intravenous (IV) chemotherapy

IV chemotherapy is the most common way Chemotherapy is given. It involves injecting the chemotherapy drugs directly into a vein using a needle or catheter. The drugs then travel through the bloodstream to the cancer cells. This method is typically used for cancers that have spread throughout the body or for patients who need high doses of Chemotherapy. IV chemotherapy is usually given in a hospital or clinic setting.

Oral Chemotherapy

Oral Chemotherapy involves taking chemotherapy drugs in pill or capsule form. Oral Chemotherapy can be taken at home, which can be more convenient for patients who live far from a treatment center. However, it’s important for patients to follow their treatment schedule closely and to notify their healthcare provider if they experience any side effects. Not all chemo medications come in an oral form.

Intrathecal Chemotherapy

Intrathecal Chemotherapy involves injecting the drugs directly into the spinal fluid using a needle. This method is used to treat cancers that have spread to the brain or spinal cord, as the drugs can reach the cancer cells more directly. Intrathecal Chemotherapy is typically given in a hospital or clinic setting.

Topical Chemotherapy

Topical Chemotherapy involves applying the drugs directly to the skin using a cream or gel. This method is used to treat skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma and

squamous cell carcinoma. Topical Chemotherapy is usually applied at home, and patients may need to follow specific instructions to prevent the drugs from spreading to other parts of the body.

Intra-arterial Chemotherapy

Intra-arterial Chemotherapy involves injecting the drugs directly into the artery that supplies blood to the cancerous tissue. This method is used to treat cancers that are localized to a specific area, such as liver or kidney cancer. Intra-arterial Chemotherapy is typically performed in a hospital or clinic setting.

 

Integrative Medicine

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is integrative medicine?

Integrative medicine is a holistic approach to healthcare that combines conventional medicine with complementary therapies and practices. It aims to treat the whole person, not just the disease, by addressing the physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects of health. Integrative medicine can be a useful addition to the standard treatment of cancer, as it can help patients manage symptoms, reduce side effects, and improve their overall quality of life. It is very important that anyone pursuing integrative medicine interventions should discuss with their oncologists, to be sure they are safe to be used in their particular disease as well as other prescribed treatments.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine practice that involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body. Some studies have shown acupuncture to be effective in reducing pain, nausea, and other symptoms associated with cancer and its treatments.

Massage

Massage therapy can help relieve pain and stress, reduce anxiety, and improve overall well-being. It may also be used to help patients manage symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, and neuropathy.

Mind-body practices

Mind-body practices such as meditation, yoga, and tai chi can help patients manage stress, anxiety, and depression. These practices have been shown to improve the overall quality of life, reduce symptoms, and increase feelings of well-being.

Dietary Supplements

Dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and herbal remedies can be used to support the immune system and reduce side effects associated with cancer treatments. It is important to talk to your doctor before taking any supplements to ensure that they are safe and do not interfere with your treatment.

Aromatherapy

Aromatherapy involves the use of essential oils to promote relaxation and relieve stress. It can be used to help patients manage symptoms such as nausea, anxiety, and pain.

It is important to note that while integrative medicine can be beneficial for patients with cancer, it should be used in conjunction with, not as a substitute for, conventional medical treatment. Patients should discuss any integrative therapies they are considering with their healthcare team to ensure that they are safe and appropriate for their individual needs.

 

Laugier-Hunziker Syndrome (LHS)

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is Laugier-Hunziker Syndrome (LHS)

Laugier-Hunziker Syndrome (LHS) is a rare disorder that affects the pigment of the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth. LHS is also known as idiopathic lenticular mucocutaneous pigmentation.

LHS is a benign (non-cancerous) condition and does not cause any serious health problems. The main symptom of LHS is the appearance of dark pigmentation on the lips, inside of the mouth, and sometimes on the fingers and toes. The pigmentation is typically brown or black and appears as small, flat spots or patches.

Causes:

The exact cause of LHS is unknown, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some cases of LHS have been associated with mutations in the TERT gene, which is involved in the process of cell division and aging. Other cases have been linked to exposure to certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and hormonal therapies.

Diagnosis:

LHS is usually diagnosed based on the pigmentation pattern which is characteristic of the disorder, as well as a thorough medical history. In some cases, a skin biopsy may be performed to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.

Treatment:

Treatment for LHS is usually not necessary as the condition does not cause any health problems. However, if the pigmentation is causing cosmetic concerns, treatment options such as laser therapy, cryotherapy, and topical creams may be considered.

It is important to note that LHS does not increase the risk of developing skin cancer or other health problems. However, it is still important to practice good sun protection habits, such as wearing protective clothing and sunscreen, to prevent damage to the skin

 

Cystic lung disease

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is Cystic lung disease?

Cystic lung disease is a condition that causes cysts or fluid-filled sacs to form in the lungs. These cysts can interfere with normal lung function and lead to a variety of symptoms. Here’s an overview of the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of cystic lung disease.

Symptoms

The symptoms of cystic lung disease can vary depending on the type and severity of the type of disease someone has. Some of the common symptoms include:

  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest pain
  • Coughing
  • Wheezing
  • Recurrent lung infections
  • Fatigue
  • Rapid breathing
  • Unintentional weight loss

Diagnosis

To diagnose cystic lung disease, a doctor will perform a physical exam, review the patient’s medical history, and order various tests. These may include:

  • Chest X-ray: This can provide a quick look at the lungs and identify any cysts or abnormalities that may be present
  • CT scan: A CT scan can provide more detailed images of the lungs, making it easier to identify cysts and assess their size and location.
  • Pulmonary function tests: These tests can assess lung function and determine if cysts are interfering with breathing.
  • Bronchoscopy: In some cases, a bronchoscopy may be performed to view the inside of the lungs and collect tissue samples for analysis.

Treatment

The treatment for cystic lung disease depends on the type and severity of the disease, as well as the patient’s overall health. Some common treatments include:

  • Watchful waiting: If the cysts are small and not causing symptoms, the doctor may opt to monitor them over time and provide treatment only if the cysts grow or start to cause problems.
  • Medications: In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms such as inflammation, pain, and infections.
  • Surgery: If the cysts are large or causing severe symptoms, surgery may be necessary to remove them. This can involve a variety of techniques, including video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) or open surgery.
  • Lung transplant: In some cases, a lung transplant may be necessary if the cysts are severely impacting lung function.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for cystic lung disease depends on many factors, including the type and severity of the disease, as well as the patient’s overall health. In general, early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes for patients with cystic lung disease.

 

Wilms tumor

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is Wilms tumor?

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a rare type of kidney cancer that mainly affects children. In this article, we will discuss the symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of Wilms tumor.

Symptoms

The most common symptom of Wilms tumor is a painless swelling or mass in the abdomen. Other symptoms include:

  • Abdominal pain
  • Blood in the urine
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Fever
  • High blood pressure

In some cases, the tumor may also cause a sensation of fullness or discomfort in the abdomen. However, not all children with Wilms tumor have symptoms, and the tumor may be detected during a routine physical exam.

Risk factors

The exact cause of Wilms tumor is unknown, but there are several factors that may increase a child’s risk of developing the condition. These include:

  • Age: Wilms tumor is most commonly diagnosed in children under the age of five.
  • Genetic factors: Some genetic syndromes, such as WAGR syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of developing Wilms tumor.
  • Family history: Children who have a family history of Wilms tumor may be at a higher risk of developing the condition.
  • Prenatal factors: Children who were born with certain birth defects or who were exposed to certain drugs or chemicals during pregnancy may have an increased risk of developing Wilms tumor.

Diagnosis

Wilms tumor is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests, and biopsy. The doctor may perform a physical exam to feel for any lumps or swelling in the abdomen. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, may be used to visualize the tumor and determine its size and location. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type and stage of the tumor.

Treatment

The treatment of Wilms tumor depends on the stage and type of the tumor, as well as the child’s overall health. The main treatments for Wilms tumor include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgery is usually the first step in treatment and involves removing the tumor and sometimes the entire affected kidney. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink the tumor and kill any remaining cancer cells.

In some cases, a child may also receive targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that specifically target cancer cells. Targeted therapy may be used in combination with other treatments to improve their effectiveness

What to avoid during chemotherapy

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

Chemotherapy is a common treatment for cancer that uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells. While chemotherapy can be effective in treating cancer, it can also have side effects. There are several things that patients should avoid when getting chemotherapy to help minimize these side effects and ensure the best possible outcome.

Avoid Exposure to Infections

Chemotherapy can lower a person’s immune system, making them more vulnerable to infections. To avoid exposure to infections, patients should avoid crowded areas, wash their hands frequently, and avoid contact with people who are sick. It is also important to avoid eating undercooked or raw foods and to take extra precautions when handling and preparing food.

Avoid Certain Foods and Beverages

Some foods and beverages can interfere with chemotherapy and make side effects worse. Patients should often avoid alcohol, as it may interact with chemotherapy drugs or increase the risk of liver damage.

Avoid Overexertion

Chemotherapy can cause fatigue and weakness, making it important for patients to avoid overexertion. Patients should rest when they feel tired and avoid activities that require a lot of energy. It is also important to stay hydrated and eat a healthy diet to help maintain energy levels.

Avoid Smoking

Smoking can interfere with chemotherapy and increase the risk of complications. Patients should avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke, as it can weaken the immune system and reduce the effectiveness of chemotherapy.

Avoid Certain Medications

Some medications can interfere with chemotherapy and make side effects worse. Patients should talk to their doctor before taking any new medications, including over-the-counter medications and herbal supplements. Patients may also need to avoid taking aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as they can increase the risk of bleeding and interfere with chemotherapy.

Each person should speak with their oncology team for any specific suggestions or recommendations on things to avoid while receiving chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy and risk of infection

Posted on by Julie Scott, DNP

What is Chemotherapy?

Chemotherapy is a form of cancer treatment that uses powerful drugs to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells. While chemotherapy can be highly effective in treating cancer, it also comes with a number of side effects, including an increased risk of infection.

Chemotherapy can also damage healthy cells that divide rapidly, such as those in the bone marrow. This damage can lead to a decrease in the number of white blood cells, which are responsible for fighting off infections. When a patient’s white blood cell count drops too low, they are at an increased risk of developing infections.

There are a number of different types of infections that chemotherapy patients are at risk for. One of the most common is a bacterial infection. Bacteria are everywhere, and our bodies have natural defenses against them. However, when a patient’s white blood cell count drops, their body is less able to fight off bacterial infections. This can lead to infections such as pneumonia, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.

People getting chemotherapy are also at an increased risk of viral infections. Viruses are responsible for many common illnesses, such as the flu and the common cold. While most healthy people are able to fight off these infections with little difficulty, patients undergoing chemotherapy may have a more difficult time. This is because their immune systems are weakened, making it easier for viruses to take hold.

Fungal infections are another risk for chemotherapy patients. Fungi are common in our environment and are normally kept in check by our immune systems. However, when a patient’s immune system is weakened, fungal infections can become a problem. Fungal infections can be difficult to treat and can cause serious complications.

What can be done to decrease the risk of infection? There are a number of things that patients can do to help protect themselves, including:

  1. Practice good hygiene: Regular hand washing and avoiding contact with sick people can help prevent the spread of infection.
  2. Avoid large crowds: Being around large groups of people, such as at concerts or sporting events, can increase the risk of exposure to infectious diseases.
  3. Stay up-to-date on vaccinations: Getting vaccinated can help protect against certain infectious diseases.
  4. Take antibiotics or antivirals as prescribed: In some cases, chemotherapy patients may be given antibiotics or antiviral medications to help prevent infections.
  5. Contact their healthcare provider if they have symptoms of an infection: Early detection and treatment of infections can help prevent them from becoming more serious.

 

Cancer Treatments

Posted on by Jenni Daniel BSN, RN

After you have received your diagnosis, you will be offered a plan to treat your cancer. There are many factors that go into recommendations, which also means there may be changes along the way, and deviations from the initial plan. Treatments are tailored to your specific tumor type, grade, pathology, and how advanced it is, and take into consideration the overall health status of the person getting treatment.

 

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It is given orally, medicine taken by mouth, or intravenously (IV), through a needle placed in your vein, and in other ways. Most who receive chemotherapy also receive some other type of treatment. When used as a first treatment, this is called neoadjuvant, before any surgery or radiation, making a tumor smaller, and surgery easier. It can also be used after surgery or radiation, called adjuvant chemotherapy, to destroy cancer cells left behind.

Chemotherapy has many potential side effects, the most common one being fatigue. Other common side effects it may cause are hair loss, mouth sores, nausea, and tingling in hands/feet, which often improve or completely go away once you finish chemotherapy. Treatment schedules vary. The frequency and duration of chemotherapy depend on your type of cancer, how advanced it is if they are using it to cure your cancer, control its growth or ease your symptoms.  

 

Surgery

To treat cancer using surgery, a surgeon uses tools to remove cancer from your body. The different types of surgery, it may be open, or minimally invasive. The surgeon will remove the tumor, along with some healthy tissues and possibly nearby lymph nodes. Surgery can remove an entire tumor, or debulk it (removing some but not all of the cancer). Pain is common after surgery, your doctor can help you manage. How much depends on the extent of surgery, how you feel pain, and where on your body you had surgery. There is risk of infections, bleeding, damage to tissue nearby, or you could even have a reaction to the anesthesia. It is important to discuss all concerns with your doctor before surgery. There may be other tests to prepare you for surgery such as blood work, x-rays, and electrocardiograms (ECG), which look at your heart function. After surgery it is important to follow instructions from your surgeon, have good nutrition for healing, and get plenty of rest.

 

Radiation or Radiotherapy

This treatment uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. X-rays, use a low dose of radiation to see inside your body. High doses kill or slow cancer cells by damaging their DNA. Radiation takes days or weeks before there is enough damage for cancer cells to die. The two main types of radiation are external beam and internal. The type you receive depends on what type of cancer, where it is located, size, plus factors related to your age, medical history, and general health.  External beam radiation uses a machine that aims radiation at your cancer. You will see the machine moving during treatment, but will not feel radiation working.  Internal radiation uses a radiation source, which is solid or liquid, placed inside of your body. It is known as brachytherapy when a solid source is used. This may be a seed, or capsule placed in or near the tumor. Radiation has lifetime dose limits so depending on whether you have had radiation before or not, you may not be able to have radiation again. Side effects depend on the area of the body to which the radiation is being given and typically affect only that area. It is possible that radiation is the only treatment, but often it is used with other cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy or surgery.

There are other ways to treat cancer which include but are not limited to, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplant, and targeted therapy. It is important to remember that doctors choose therapy based on an individual’s specific cancer, location, and overall health status. Ask questions, and make sure you understand the intent of the treatment being recommended, and how it may affect you.

 

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